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| Data: | 2022 |
| Resum: | Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i. e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3. 0 ± 2. 1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3. 6 ± 2. 3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0. 7 ± 2. 3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. |
| Ajuts: | European Commission 757833 European Commission 678841 European Commission 657627 European Commission 774124 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL2016-78093-R Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación CTM2009-10165-E Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación CTM2011-15565-E Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CTM2014-52021-R Agencia Estatal de Investigación CGL2017-90040-R European Commission 871128 European Commission 609033 European Commission 17841 European Commission 282910 Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2019-110521GB-I00 Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca 2017/SGR-1005 European Commission 641918 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación FPU17/05869 |
| Drets: | Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.  |
| Llengua: | Anglès |
| Document: | Ressenya ; recerca ; Versió publicada |
| Matèria: | Bioclimatic variables ; Global maps ; Microclimate ; Near-surface temperatures ; Soil-dwelling organisms ; Soil temperature ; Temperature offset ; Weather stations |
| Publicat a: | Global change biology, Vol. 28, Issue 9 (May 2022) , p. 3110-3144, ISSN 1365-2486 |
